ЗАО «Сибирский энергетический научно-технический центр». Сибирский энтцСибирский ЭНТЦ ВикипедияАО «Сибирский энергетический научно-технический центр» (АО «Сибирский ЭНТЦ») — российская проектно-изыскательская, конструкторско-технологическая и научно-исследовательская компания, выполняющая работы и оказывающая услуги для электроэнергетического строительства, одна из 7-и крупнейших региональных компаний научно-проектного комплекса электроэнергетики, созданных ОАО РАО «ЕЭС России» на базе ведущих проектных и исследовательских организаций СССР (РСФСР) и России. Входит в состав ОАО «Группа Е4». Бизнес-процессы компании сертифицированы в соответствии с требованиями ISO 9001:2008. В портфеле реализованных проектов — десятки крупных ГРЭС и ТЭЦ, десятки схем электро- и теплоснабжения городов, тысячи километров линий электропередач, сотни подстанций, десятки объектов гражданского и промышленного назначения. По проектам подразделений введено в эксплуатацию (суммарные показатели): электрические мощности — 24 223 МВт; тепловые мощности — 34 881 Гкал/час; тепловые магистральные сети — 1 806 км. Структура компании[ | код]Компания состоит из головного офиса и производственных подразделений, расположенных в Новосибирске и 6 производственных филиалов (по состоянию на 01.08.2015)[1]:
Направления деятельности компании[ | код]АО «Сибирский ЭНТЦ» стоит в первом звене инжиниринговой цепочки, а именно — деятельность Общества охватывает предпроектную и проектную часть инжиниринга. В частности, компания:
Ресурсы компании[ | код]В компании работает около 1000 высококвалифицированных сотрудников, обладающих уникальными знаниями по энергообъектам РФ и практическим опытом работы, в том числе в условиях вечномерзлых грунтов, сейсмичности, засоленности морскими солевыми отложениями и низких отрицательных температур. В АО «Сибирский ЭНТЦ» проводится работа по привлечению и удержанию молодых специалистов. Стажировки (обучение) выпускников ВУЗов проводят опытные специалисты — наставники непосредственно на рабочем месте в институтах Общества. Ежегодно проводится Конкурс и конференция молодых специалистов, где они представляют свои работы, связанные с деятельностью АО «Сибирский ЭНТЦ», соревнуются за призовые места, что, безусловно, служит дополнительным мотивационным фактором и укрепляет их вовлеченность в производственные задачи компании. Подразделения Общества оснащены современной материально-технической базой (инженерно-геологическое оборудован ru-wiki.ru Сибирский ЭНТЦ - ВикиАО «Сибирский энергетический научно-технический центр» (АО «Сибирский ЭНТЦ») — российская проектно-изыскательская, конструкторско-технологическая и научно-исследовательская компания, выполняющая работы и оказывающая услуги для электроэнергетического строительства, одна из 7-и крупнейших региональных компаний научно-проектного комплекса электроэнергетики, созданных ОАО РАО «ЕЭС России» на базе ведущих проектных и исследовательских организаций СССР (РСФСР) и России. Входит в состав ОАО «Группа Е4». Бизнес-процессы компании сертифицированы в соответствии с требованиями ISO 9001:2008. В портфеле реализованных проектов — десятки крупных ГРЭС и ТЭЦ, десятки схем электро- и теплоснабжения городов, тысячи километров линий электропередач, сотни подстанций, десятки объектов гражданского и промышленного назначения. По проектам подразделений введено в эксплуатацию (суммарные показатели): электрические мощности — 24 223 МВт; тепловые мощности — 34 881 Гкал/час; тепловые магистральные сети — 1 806 км. АО «Сибирский ЭНТЦ» стоит в первом звене инжиниринговой цепочки, а именно — деятельность Общества охватывает предпроектную и проектную часть инжиниринга. В частности, компания:
В компании работает около 1000 высококвалифицированных сотрудников, обладающих уникальными знаниями по энергообъектам РФ и практическим опытом работы, в том числе в условиях вечномерзлых грунтов, сейсмичности, засоленности морскими солевыми отложениями и низких отрицательных температур. В АО «Сибирский ЭНТЦ» проводится работа по привлечению и удержанию молодых специалистов. Стажировки (обучение) выпускников ВУЗов проводят опытные специалисты — наставники непосредственно на рабочем месте в институтах Общества. Ежегодно проводится Конкурс и конференция молодых специалистов, где они представляют свои работы, связанные с деятельностью АО «Сибирский ЭНТЦ», соревнуются за призовые места, что, безусловно, служит дополнительным мотивационным фактором и укрепляет их вовлеченность в производственные задачи компании. Подразделения Общества оснащены современной материально-технической базой (инженерно-геологическое оборудование, лаборатории, средства транспорта и связи), а именно: буровые установки, сейсмостанции и сейсмоприемники, установка статического зондирования грунта, приборы для выполнения вертикального зондирования, химическая и грунтоведческая лаборатории, дальномеры, эхолоты, электронные тахеометры, ru.wikiredia.com Сибирский ЭНТЦ - это... Что такое Сибирский ЭНТЦ?
Сибирский энергетический научно-технический центр с 2002 ОАО http://www.energosib.ru/ г. Новосибирск, образование и наука, организация, техн., энерг.
Источник: http://bsn.irk.ru/?c=shownews&id=10671 Словарь сокращений и аббревиатур. Академик. 2015.
Смотреть что такое "Сибирский ЭНТЦ" в других словарях:
sokrasheniya.academic.ru «Иркутский филиал ОАО Сибирский ЭНТЦ (Энергетический научно-технический центр)» // РоссияОбщая информация о компании
Дополнительная информация о компанииПроектирование предприятий промышленной энергетики: ТЭС, котельных, систем теплоснабжения. Подробная информация о предприятииКонсультанты по экологии, охране окружающей среды. Научные промышленные исследования и опытно-конструкторские разработки новых технологий и продукции. Подрядчики по установке, монтажу и техническому обслуживанию сантехоборудования, систем газоснабжения, водоснабжения, канализации, теплоснабжения, вентиляции и кондиционирования в строительстве. Проектные разработки, консультанты по охране здоровья, промышленной безопасности и предотвращению несчастных случаев, аварий, консультанты, инжиниринг в горной добыче, гражданском и промышленном строительстве и гидроэнергетике, консультанты, инжиниринг в электротехнике и электронике Рубрики компанииПромышленностьКомпания на карте, схема проездаИркутский филиал ОАО Сибирский ЭНТЦ (Энергетический научно-технический центр) - краткая анкета компании
b2bpoisk.ru ИРКУТСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ ЗАО "СИБИРСКИЙ ЭНТЦ" - г. ИркутскИРКУТСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ ЗАКРЫТОГО АКЦИОНЕРНОГО ОБЩЕСТВА "СИБИРСКИЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ ЦЕНТР" Категории
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Мини-справка по ИРКУТСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ ЗАО "СИБИРСКИЙ ЭНТЦ"ИРКУТСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ ЗАО "СИБИРСКИЙ ЭНТЦ", дата регистрации — 13 ноября 2002 года, регистратор — Инспекция МНС России по ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОМУ району г. НОВОСИБИРСКА. Полное официальное наименование — ИРКУТСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ ЗАКРЫТОГО АКЦИОНЕРНОГО ОБЩЕСТВА "СИБИРСКИЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ ЦЕНТР". Юридический адрес: 664017, г. ИРКУТСК, ул. ПОМЯЛОВСКОГО, д. 1. Основным видом деятельности является: "Деятельность в области архитектуры, инженерно- техническое проектирование в промышленности и строительстве". Компания также зарегистрирована в таких категориях как: "Геодезическая и картографическая деятельность", "Научные исследования и разработки в области естественных и технических наук", "Обучение в образовательных учреждениях дополнительного профессионального образования (повышения квалификации) для специалистов, имеющих высшее профессиональное образование". Директор — Меркульев Михаил Юрьевич. Организационно-правовая форма (ОПФ) — представительства и филиалы. Тип собственности — частная собственность. Контакты
Другие компании данного регионаИРКУТСКИЙ ФЛ ЗАО АСК "ИНВЕСТСТРАХ"Прочие виды страхования664023, г. ИРКУТСК, ул. ЛЫТКИНА, д. 42-8 "АНИКСТРОЙ", ООО, ИРКУТСКОптовая торговля обоями664009, г. ИРКУТСК, ул. ШИРЯМОВА, д. 8, кв. 406 "У КАМИНА", ОООДеятельность ресторанов и кафе665734, ИРКУТСКАЯ область, г. БРАТСК, ул. МЕЧТАТЕЛЕЙ, д. 14 "ЭКСПЕТР-АВТО", ОООТорговля автотранспортными средствами664003, г. ИРКУТСК, ул. ПОЛЬСКИХ ПОВСТАНЦЕВ, д. 10, кв. 37 ПРИХОД ХРАМА ПОКРОВА ПРЕСВЯТОЙ БОГОРОДИЦЫ С ОСА, ОСАДеятельность религиозных организаций669200, ИРКУТСКАЯ область, УСТЬ-ОРДЫНСКИЙ БУРЯТСКИЙ автономный округ, ОСИНСКИЙ район, с. ОСА, ул. ЧЕХОВА, д. 4, кв. 2 ИМК "ИНСАЙТ", ООООптовая торговля фармацевтическими и медицинскими товарами, изделиями медицинской техники и ортопедическими изделиями664075, г. ИРКУТСК, ул. БАЙКАЛЬСКАЯ, д. 239 "БРОНИКА", ООО, ВИХОРЕВКАОптовая торговля через агентов (за вознаграждение или на договорной основе)665772, ИРКУТСКАЯ область, БРАТСКИЙ район, г. ВИХОРЕВКА, ул. ГОРЬКОГО, д. 9, кв. 60 ПГК "УШАКОВСКИЙ"Деятельность прочих общественных организаций, не включенных в другие группировки664009, г. ИРКУТСК, ул. КУЛТУКСКАЯ, д. 58 ГК 1, ИРКУТСКЭксплуатация гаражей, стоянок для автотранспортных средств, велосипедов и т.п.664005, г. ИРКУТСК, ул. ТУРГЕНЕВА "КОНСТАНТА", ОООЛесозаготовки665732, ИРКУТСКАЯ область, г. БРАТСК, ул. РЯБИКОВА, д. 65, кв. 136 "ПАНДШЕР", ОООПроизводство деревянных строительных конструкций и столярных изделий664025, г. ИРКУТСК, ул. КАНАДЗАВЫ, д. 2, кв. 32 "АЛМЕДПРОМ", ООООбработка отходов и лома цветных металлов, кроме драгоценных664003, г. ИРКУТСК, ул. КИЕВСКАЯ, д. 14, кв. 209 "ИНВЕСТ ГРУПП", ОООСдача внаем собственного недвижимого имущества664000, ИРКУТСКАЯ область, ИРКУТСКИЙ район, рп. МАРКОВА, ТРАКТ 1-й КМ. АВТОДОРОГИ ИРКУТСК ( З-Й, п. ГЭС) - МАРКОВО "АЛЬТЕРНАТИВА", ОООРозничная торговля в неспециализированных магазинах664020, г. ИРКУТСК, ул. ЛЕНИНГРАДСКАЯ, д. 102 "ГРАНД", ООООптовая торговля лесоматериалами665709, ИРКУТСКАЯ область, г. БРАТСК, п. ЭНЕРГЕТИК, ул. НАЙМУШИНА, д. 34, кв. 1 irkutsk.okato.net Сибирский ЭНТЦ - WikiVisually1. Акционерное общество – A joint-stock company is a business entity in which different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares and that allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning more of a company than others. Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the existence of the company. In modern-day corporate law, the existence of a company is often synonymous with incorporation. Therefore, joint-stock companies are known as corporations or limited companies. Some jurisdictions still provide the possibility of registering joint-stock companies without limited liability, in the United Kingdom and other countries that have adopted its model of company law, they are known as unlimited companies. In the United States, they are simply as joint-stock companies. Ownership of stock refers to a number of privileges. The company is managed on behalf of the shareholders by a board of directors, the shareholders also vote to accept or reject an annual report and audited set of accounts. Individual shareholders can sometimes stand for directorships within the company if a vacancy occurs, the shareholders are usually liable for any of the company debts that extend beyond the companys ability to pay. Meanwhile, the limit of their liability extends only to the value of their shareholding. The concept of limited liability largely accounts for the success of this form of business organization, ordinary shares entitle the owner to a share in the companys net profit. It is calculated in the way, the net profit is divided by the total number of owned shares, producing a notional value per share. An individuals share of the profit is thus the dividend multiplied by the number of shares owned, finding the earliest joint-stock company is a matter of definition. The earliest records of joint stock company can be found in China during the Song Dynasty, the Swedish company Stora has documented a stock transfer for an eighth of the company as early as 1288. In more recent history, the earliest joint-stock company recognized in England was the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands, muscovy Company, which had a monopoly on trade between Moscow and London, was chartered soon after in 1555. The Royal Charter effectively gave the newly created Honourable East India Company a 15-year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies. The Company transformed from a trading venture to one that ruled India and exploited its resources, as it acquired auxiliary governmental and military functions 2. Россия – Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians 3. Новосибирск – Novosibirsk is the third-most populous city in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is the most populous city in Asian Russia, with a population of 1,473,754 as of the 2010 Census and it is the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast as well as of the Siberian Federal District. It is split into ten districts and occupies an area of 502.1 square kilometers and it superseded nearby Krivoshchekovskaya village, which was founded in 1696. The bridge was completed in the spring of 1897, making the new settlement the regional transport hub, the importance of the city further increased with the completion of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway in the early 20th century. The new railway connected Novonikolayevsk to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea, at the time of the bridges opening, Novonikolayevsk had a population of 7,800 people. Its first bank opened in 1906, and a total of five banks were operating by 1915, in 1907, Novonikolayevsk, now with a population exceeding 47,000, was granted town status with full rights for self-government. During the pre-revolutionary period, the population of Novonikolayevsk reached 80,000, the city had steady and rapid economic growth, becoming one of the largest commercial and industrial centers of Siberia. It developed a significant agricultural processing industry, as well as a station, iron foundry, commodity market, several banks. In 1913, Novonikolayevsk became one of the first places in Russia to institute compulsory primary education, the Russian Civil War took a toll on the city. There were wartime epidemics, especially of typhus and cholera, that thousands of lives. In the course of the war the Ob River Bridge was destroyed, for the first time in the citys history, the population of Novonikolayevsk began to decline. The Soviet Workers and Soldiers Deputies of Novonikolayevsk took control of the city in December 1917, in May 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions rose in opposition to the revolutionary government and, together with the White Guards, captured Novonikolayevsk. The Red Army took the city in 1919, retaining it throughout the rest of the Civil War, Novonikolayevsk began reconstruction in 1921 at the start of Lenins New Economic Policy period. It was a part of Tomsk Governorate and served as its center from December 23,1919 to March 14,1920. Between June 13,1921 and May 25,1925, it served as the center of Novonikolayevsk Governorate. The city was given its present name on September 12,1926, since then, it has served as the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast. The Monument to the Heroes of the Revolution was erected in the center of the city and has one of the chief historic sites. Neglect in the 1990s while other areas were redeveloped helped preserve it in the post-Soviet era, during Joseph Stalins industrialization effort, Novosibirsk secured its place as one of the largest industrial centers of Siberia 4. Электроэнергетика – Electricity became a subject of scientific interest in the late 17th century with the work of William Gilbert. Over the next two centuries a number of important discoveries were made including the incandescent light bulb and the voltaic pile, in 1881 two electricians built the worlds first power station at Godalming in England. The station employed two waterwheels to produce a current that was used to supply seven Siemens arc lamps at 250 volts. The Pearl Street Station consisted of several generators and initially powered around 3,000 lamps for 59 customers, the power station used direct current and operated at a single voltage. That same year in London Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs demonstrated the first transformer suitable for use in a power system. Despite the success of the system, the pair made some fundamental mistakes, perhaps the most serious was connecting the primaries of the transformers in series so that switching one lamp on or off would affect other lamps further down the line. Using this knowledge he built the worlds first practical transformer based alternating current power system at Great Barrington, during this time a fierce rivalry in the US known as the War of Currents emerged between Edison and Westinghouse over which form of transmission was superior. In 1891, Westinghouse installed the first major power system that was designed to drive an electric motor, the installation powered a 100 horsepower synchronous motor at Telluride, Colorado with the motor being started by a Tesla induction motor. In 1895, after a protracted decision-making process, the Adams No.1 generating station at Niagara Falls began transmitting three-phase alternating current power to Buffalo at 11 kV. Following completion of the Niagara Falls project, new power systems increasingly chose alternating current as opposed to direct current for electrical transmission, although the 1880s and 1890s were seminal decades in the field, developments in power engineering continued throughout the 20th and 21st century. In 1936 the first commercial high-voltage direct current line using mercury-arc valves was built between Schenectady and Mechanicville, New York, HVDC had previously been achieved by installing direct current generators in series although this suffered from serious reliability issues. In 1957 Siemens demonstrated the first solid-state rectifier however it was not until the early 1970s that this technology was used in power systems. In 1959 Westinghouse demonstrated the first circuit breaker that used SF6 as the interrupting medium, SF6 is a far superior dielectric to air and, in recent times, its use has been extended to produce far more compact switching equipment and transformers. Many important developments also came from extending innovations in the ICT field to the engineering field. For example, the development of computers meant load flow studies could be run more efficiently allowing for better planning of power systems. Advances in information technology and telecommunication also allowed for much better control of the power systems switchgear. Electric power is the product of two quantities, current and voltage. These two quantities can vary with respect to time or can be kept at constant levels, most refrigerators, air conditioners, pumps and industrial machinery use AC power whereas computers and digital equipment use DC power 5. Гидроэнергетика – Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015 hydropower generated 16. 6% of the total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013, China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 920 TWh of production in 2013, representing 16.9 percent of domestic electricity use. The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a source of renewable electricity. The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants, the average cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U. S. cents per kilowatt-hour. With a dam and reservoir it is also a source of electricity since the amount produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform other tasks. In the mid-1770s, French engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical-, by the late 19th century, the electrical generator was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics. The growing demand for the Industrial Revolution would drive development as well, in 1878 the worlds first hydroelectric power scheme was developed at Cragside in Northumberland, England by William George Armstrong. It was used to power an arc lamp in his art gallery. The old Schoelkopf Power Station No.1 near Niagara Falls in the U. S. side began to produce electricity in 1881. The first Edison hydroelectric power station, the Vulcan Street Plant, began operating September 30,1882, in Appleton, Wisconsin, by 1886 there were 45 hydroelectric power stations in the U. S. and Canada. By 1889 there were 200 in the U. S. alone, at the beginning of the 20th century, many small hydroelectric power stations were being constructed by commercial companies in mountains near metropolitan areas. Grenoble, France held the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism with over one million visitors, by 1920 as 40% of the power produced in the United States was hydroelectric, the Federal Power Act was enacted into law. The Act created the Federal Power Commission to regulate hydroelectric power stations on federal land, as the power stations became larger, their associated dams developed additional purposes to include flood control, irrigation and navigation. Federal funding became necessary for development and federally owned corporations, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority. Hydroelectric power stations continued to become larger throughout the 20th century, Hydropower was referred to as white coal for its power and plenty. Hoover Dams initial 1,345 MW power station was the worlds largest hydroelectric station in 1936 6. РАО «ЕЭС России» – OAO RAO UES was an electric power holding company in Russia. It controlled about 70% of Russias installed electric capacity, 96% of its high-voltage grid, in addition to the Russian market, RAO UES exported electricity to Scandinavia and to other members of the CIS. The last head of RAO UES was Anatoly Chubais, Unified Energy System of Russia was established by Presidential Decree #932, signed on August 15,1992, as an electric energy holding company. In total, RAO UES owned more than 70 of the energy companies and it also owned the transmission system operator, Federal Grid Company, and the system operator of the Centralized Dispatching Administration. The first head of the company was Anatoly Dyakov, who held the positions of President, on January 27,1998, the Directors Council, headed by Anatoly Dyakov, removed Brevnov from his position. However, Brevnov did not recognize this action and removed Dyakov from his position instead, in mid 2000s, RAO UES suffered several failures in trying to keep up with demand. These were due to the practice of disinvestment. The most significant failures were the 2005 Moscow power blackouts, the reorganization of RAO UES started in 2006. The first stage of the reorganization was completed on September 3,2007, during which subsidiary generating companies, during a second stage of reorganization, all remaining subsidiaries of RAO UES were spun off. This reorganization was seen as a privatization of the power industry. As a result, RAO UES ceased to exist after its merger into UES FGC, the Russian Federation owned directly, or indirectly, over 50% of the shares in RAO UES. The rest of the stock was owned by minority shareholders, shares were also traded on the MICEX and RTS stock exchanges. Energy policy of Russia Irkutskenergo RusHydro Unified Energy System - Russian language and English language 7. Электрическая подстанция – A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. Substations may be owned and operated by a utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision, the word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. The first substations were connected to one power station, where the generators were housed. Substations may be described by their class, their applications within the power system, the method used to insulate most connections. These categories are not disjointed, for example, to solve a particular problem, a transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where all lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance, Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small switching station may be more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover an area with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers. Modern substations may be implemented using international standards such as IEC Standard 61850, a distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system of an area. The input for a substation is typically at least two transmission or sub-transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example,115 kV, or whatever is common in the area, the output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV, depending on the size of the area served, the feeders run along streets overhead and power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises. In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either the transmission or distribution systems, distribution substations are typically the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits, voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line. The downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution substations, with high-voltage switching, more typical distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage side 8. Алма-Ата – Almaty /ˈælməti/, formerly known as Alma-Ata /ˌælmə. əˈtɑː/ and Verny, is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of 1,703,481 people, containing 9% of the countrys total population. Almaty is considered a World City with a Beta - classification according to GaWC and it served as capital of the Kazakh state in its various forms from 1929 to 1997, under the influence of the then Soviet Union and its appointees. Alma-Ata was the host city for a 1978 international conference on Primary Health Care where the Alma Ata Declaration was adopted, in 1997, the government relocated the capital to Astana in the north of the country. Almaty continues as the commercial and cultural centre of Kazakhstan. From 1929 to 1936, Almaty was the capital of Kazakh ASSR, from 1936 to 1991 it was the capital of Kazakh SSR. After Kazakhstan became independent in 1991, Almaty continued as the capital until 1997, Almaty remains the largest, most developed, and most ethnically and culturally diverse city in Kazakhstan. The city is in the foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau in the extreme south-east and it has a relatively mild climate with warm summers and quite cold winters. Since the city is in an active area, it has an endemic risk of earthquakes. Although most do not cause any significant damage, Almaty has suffered some large destructive earthquakes, in 1997 the capital was moved to Astana in the north-central part of the country. Since then Almaty has been referred to as the capital of Kazakhstan. The name Almaty has its roots in the medieval settlement Almatu, a disputed theory holds that the name is derived from the Kazakh word for apple, and is often translated as full of apples. Originally it was Almatau which means Apple Mountain, the Russian version of the name was Alma-Ata, however, since independence Russian has tended to use the Kazakh Almaty. There is great diversity among the wild apples in the region surrounding Almaty. The wild Malus sieversii is considered a candidate for the ancestor of the modern domestic apple. The citys name was written as آلماتی in Turkish and Persian written with the Perso-Arabic script, during 1000–900 BC in the Bronze Age, the first farmers and cattle-breeders established settlements in the territory of Almaty. During the Saka period, these lands were occupied by the Saka and later Wusun tribes, evidence of these times can be found in the numerous burial mounds and ancient settlements, especially the giant burial mounds of the Saka tsars. The most famous archaeological finds have been the The Golden man, also known as The Golden Warrior, from the Issyk Kurgan, the Zhalauly treasure, the Kargaly diadem, during the period of Saka and Wusun governance, Almaty became an early educational centre. During the Middle Ages, a city developed in Almaty 9. Владивосток – Vladivostok is a city and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, located at the head of the Golden Horn Bay, not far from Russias borders with China and North Korea. The population of the city as of 2016 is 606,653, the city is the home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet and the largest Russian port on the Pacific Ocean. The name Vladivostok loosely translates from Russian as the ruler of the East—a name similar to Vladikavkaz which means the ruler of the Caucasus, the Japanese name of the city is Urajiosutoku. In Korean, the name is transliterated as Beulladiboseutokeu in South Korea, Ullajibosŭttokhŭ in North Korea, Qing China, which had just lost the Opium War with Britain, was unable to defend the region. The Manchu emperors of China, the Qing Dynasty, banned Han Chinese from most of Manchuria including the Vladivostok area —it was only visited by illegal gatherers of ginseng and sea cucumbers. On June 20,1860, the supply ship Manchur, under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Alexey K. Shefner. Warrant officer Nikolay Komarov with 28 soldiers and two non-commissioned officers under his command were brought from Nikolayevsk-on-Amur by ship to construct the first buildings of the future city, the Manza War in 1868 was the first attempt by Russia to expel Chinese from territory it controlled. Hostilities broke out around Vladivostok when the Russians tried to shut off gold mining operations, the Chinese resisted a Russian attempt to take Ashold Island and in response, two Russian military stations and three Russian towns were attacked by the Chinese whom the Russians failed to oust. An elaborate system of fortifications was erected between the 1870s and 1890s, a telegraph line from Vladivostok to Shanghai and Nagasaki was opened in 1871. That same year a commercial port was relocated to Vladivostok from Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, town status was granted on April 22,1880. A coat of arms, representing the Siberian tiger, was adopted in March 1883, the first high school was opened in 1899. The citys economy was given a boost in 1916, with the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway, after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks took control of Vladivostok and the Trans-Siberian Railway in its entirety. During the Russian Civil War they were overthrown by the White-allied Czechoslovak Legion, the intervention ended in the wake of the collapse of the White Army and regime in 1919, with all Allied forces except the Japanese withdrawing by the end of 1920. In April 1920, the city came under the governance of the Far Eastern Republic. Vladivostok then became the capital of the Japanese-backed Provisional Priamurye Government, the withdrawal of Japanese forces in October 1922 spelled the end of the enclave, with Ieronim Uborevichs Red Army taking the city on October 25,1922. As the main base of the Soviet Pacific Fleet, Vladivostok was officially closed to foreigners during the Soviet years. The city hosted the summit at which Leonid Brezhnev and Gerald Ford conducted the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in 1974, at the time, the two countries decided quantitative limits on various nuclear weapons systems and banned the construction of new land-based ICBM launchers. In 2012, Vladivostok hosted the 24th APEC summit, leaders from the APEC member countries met at Russky Island, off the coast of Vladivostok 10. Хабаровск – The city also became the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia in 2002. It is the second largest city in the Russian Far East, as of the 2010 Census, its population was 577,441. The Russian explorers and raiders of the 1650s set up a number of more or less fortified camps on the Amur, most of them were in use for only a few months, the fort was named after the local tribe whom Khabarovs people called Achans. Already on October 8 the fort was attacked by joint forces of Achans and Duchers. Similar campaign was waged later in winter against the Ducher chief Nechiga, once the ice on the Amur broke in the spring of 1652, Khabarovs people destroyed their fort and sailed away. The exact location of Khabarovs Achansk has long been a subject for the debate among Russian historians, as to the Cape Kyrma ruins, thought by Maack to be the remains of Achansk, B. P. Polevoy identified them as the remains of another ostrog - namely, Kosogorsky Ostrog, after the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the area became an uncontested part of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half. Modern historical maps of the Qing period published in China mark the site of future Khabarovsk as Bólì, all of the middle and lower Amur region was nominally part of the Jilin Province, run first out of Ninguta and later out of Jilin City. French Jesuits who sailed along the Ussury and the Amur in 1709 prepared the first more or less precise map of the region, according to them, the indigenous Nanai people were living on the Ussury and on the Amur down to the mouth of the Dondon River. These people were known to the Chinese as Yupi Dazi, in 1858, the area was ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun. The Russians founded the military outpost of Khabarovka, named after Yerofey Khabarov, the post later became an important industrial center for the region. Town status was granted in 1880, in 1893, it was given its present name, in 1894, a department of Russian Geographical Society was formed in Khabarovsk and to found libraries, theatres and museums in the city. Since then, Khabarovsks cultural life has flourished, the Khabarovsk Art Museum exhibits a rare collection of old Russian icons. In 1916, the Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur was completed, Chinese Emperor Puyi, captured by Soviet troops in Manchuria, was relocated to Khabarovsk and lived there from 1945 up to 1950, when he was returned to China. On 5 November 1956, the first phase of the city tram was commissioned, the Khabarovsk television studio began broadcasting in 1960. On 1 September 1967, the Khabarovsk Institute of Physical Education, now the Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture, on 14 January 1971 Khabarovsk was awarded the Order of October Revolution. In 1975 the first stage of the urban trolley opened, in 1976 the city hosted an international ice hockey tournament with the ball for the prize of the newspaper Sovietskaya Rossia. In 1981 the Bandy World Championship was played in the city, in 1996, Khabarovsk held its first mayoral elections wikivisually.com ЗАО «Сибирский энергетический научно-технический центр»С начала 50-х годов институты, входящие в состав ЗАО «Сибирский ЭНТЦ» трудятся на благо Сибирского региона. Именно благодаря усилиям высокопрофессиональных специалистов разрабатывались схемы теплоснабжения, готовилась проектная документация по энергоисточникам и тепловым сетям городов Сибири, Дальнего Востока, Республики Казахстан и Монголии, проводилась модернизация и реконструкция предприятий энергетики, строилось жилье и объекты социальной сферы. Вехи историиС 1949 года начал свою работу институт «Востоксибсельэнергопроект», являясь правопреемником Государственного научно-исследовательского, проектно-изыскательского и конструкторско-технологического института "Востоксибсельэнергопроект". В 1992 году институт акционировался в составе холдинга ОАО РАО «ЕЭС России». В 1951 году Постановлением Совета Министров СССР был создан институт «Томсктеплоэлектропроект», вошедший в состав Всесоюзного Государственного проектно-изыскательского института «Теплоэлектропроект» как Томское отделение. В 1992 году институт акционировался в составе холдинга ОАО РАО «ЕЭС России». В 1951 году Постановлением Совета Министров СССР и приказом Минэнерго СССР Новосибирское бюро Ленинградского отделения Всесоюзного института «Теплоэлектропроект» было реорганизовано в самостоятельное Новосибирское отделение института «Теплоэлектропроект» (сокращенно НОТЭП). В 1992 году институт «Новосибирсктеплоэлектропроект» акционировался в составе холдинга ОАО РАО «ЕЭС России». В 1954 году создан проектный институт «Братскгидропроект». С 1993 года Проектно-изыскательский институт «Братскгидропроект» акционировался в составе холдинга ОАО РАО «ЕЭС России». В 1955 году начал свою деятельность Институт «Братскэнергопроект», как проектный отдел Братскгэсстроя, позднее преобразованного в Проектную контору. В 1987 году Проектная контора была преобразована в ГПИ «Братскэнергопроект», а в 1993 году в ОАО ПИ «Братскэнергопроект». В 1959 году образовалось Восточно – Сибирское отделение института Гидроэнергопроект, которое в 1991 году в соответствии с приказом Минэнерго СССР было преобразовано в проектно-изыскательский институт «Красноярскгидропроект». В 1994 году институт акционировался в составе холдинга ОАО РАО «ЕЭС России». С 1960 года начало свою деятельность Сибирское отделение ГСПИ Промэнергопроект. В 1974 году Сибирское отделение ГСПИ Промэнергопроект реорганизовано в Сибирское отделение ВНИПИэнергопром, а с 1994 г в результате акционирования - в ОАО «СибВНИПИэнергопром». С 1960 года ведет свою историю «Сибирский научно-исследовательский институт гидротехники» (сокращенно СибНИИГ), когда по постановлению Совета Министров СССР был образован Сибирский филиал Всесоюзного научно-исследовательского института гидротехники им. Б.Е. Веденеева. В 1993 году Сибирский филиал ВНИИГ им. Б.Е. Веденеева был преобразован в ОАО “СибНИИГ”. В 1962 году в составе Сибирского отделения института “Энергосетьпроект” был организован Иркутский отдел комплексного проектирования (ОКП), который в 1988 году был преобразован в Иркутское отделение института «Энергосетьпроект». В 1991 году Иркутское отделение института “Энергосетьпроект” было преобразовано в институт «Восточно-Сибирский Энергосетьпроект».В 1992 году институт был зарегистрирован как ОАО “ Проектно-изыскательский институт по проектированию энергетических систем и электрических сетей “Восточно-Сибирский Энергосетьпроект” (сокращенно «Востсибэнергосетьпроект»). С 1962 года начал самостоятельную деятельность институт «Томскэнергосетьпроект», выделившись из состава Томского отделения института «Теплоэлектропроект» в качестве Томского Отдела Комплексного Проектирования (ОКП) с подчинением Сибирскому отделению института «Энергосетьпроект». В 1969 году Томский ОКП был преобразован в Томское отделение института «Энергосетьпроект», которое в свою очередь было преобразовано в 1991 году в институт «Томскэнергосетьпроект». В 1993 году институт акционировался в составе холдинга ОАО РАО «ЕЭС России». В 1962 году образовался Новосибирский филиал Всесоюзного института «Оргэнергострой», который в 1991 году преобразовался в Сибирский институт по проектированию организации энергетического строительства «Сиборгэнергострой». В 1993 году в составе РАО «ЕЭС России» учреждено ОАО «Сиборгэнергострой». В 1965 году было организовано Западно-Сибирское отделение «ВНИПИсельэлектро, которое в 1969 году приказом Министерства энергетики и электификации СССР переименовано в Западно-Сибирское отделение ВГПИиНИИ «Сельэнергопроект», а в 1991г. - Западно-Сибирский научно-исследовательский, проектно-изыскательский и конструкторско-технологический институт «Запсибсельэнергопроект» (сокращенно «Запсибсельэнергопроект»). В 1993 году институт акционировался в составе холдинга ОАО РАО «ЕЭС России». В 1970 году в соответствии с приказом Минэнерго СССР институт СибВТИ был организован как филиал ВТИ им. Ф.Э.Дзержинского (г. Москва) и носил полное фирменное наименование – Сибирский филиал Всесоюзного Дважды Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени теплотехнического научно-исследовательского института им. Ф.Э.Дзержинского. В 1992 году институт акционировался в составе холдинга ОАО РАО «ЕЭС России». В 2003 году принято решение об организации на базе ОАО «Сиборгэнергострой» компании ОАО "Сибирский ЭНТЦ". В 2004 году ОАО «Сибирский ЭНТЦ» реорганизовано путем присоединения 12 научно-исследовательских, проектно-изыскательских и сервисных организаций, расположенных на территории Сибирского федерального округа. В 2007 году в ОАО "Сибирский ЭНТЦ" создан Департамент электрических сетей, в состав которого вошли институт "Запсибсельэнергопроект", Отдел развития топливно-энергетического комплекса Сибири и Дальнего Востока (ОРТЭК), Отдел инженерных изысканий. В 2007 году образовался Восточно-Сибирский институт инженерно-строительных изысканий - структурное подразделение Иркутского филиала ОАО "Сибирский ЭНТЦ". В 2008 году подразделение Департамента электрических сетей институт "Запсибсельэнергопроект" было переименовано в институт "Сибэлектросетьпроект", а подразделение Отдел развития топливно-энергетического комплекса Сибири и Дальнего Востока (ОРТЭК) изменило статус и было переименовано вСибирский институт проектирования энергосистем. В 2008 году ОАО "Сибирский ЭНТЦ" вошло в состав крупнейшей инжиниринговой компании страны ОАО "Группа Е4" В 2011 году ОАО "Сибирский ЭНТЦ" переименовано в ЗАО "Сибирский ЭНТЦ" По направлениямТеплоэнергетическое Электросетевое Гидроэнергетическое Гражданское и промышленное По стадиям инвестиционного цикла
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